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Over the following ten years, ten different governments, corruptly and relentlessly abused their power; while destructive rivalry characterised relations between the major political parties. Leftwing activists (as well as the population at large) became frustrated with parliamentary democracy, while Nepal's fundamental problems of deep poverty, wide social gaps and discrimination were not. addressed. The resulting disillusionment fed the Maoist insurgency, which was announced in a leaflet distributed on 13 February 1996. On 1 June 2001, the Crown Prince killed King Birendra and other members of the royal family, further destabilising the political situation. The Maoists capitalised on public outrage and strengthened their position in the country. In response, in November 2001, a national State of Emergency was declared and the Army mobilised to combat the insurgents. However, by the end of 2002 the Maoist military offensive began to have a serious impact on governance and development; paralyzing the multi-party system and making it impossible to hold elections in rural areas, which were due in November 2002. In October the King removed the Prime Minister and appointed the first of three short-lived governments, then in February 2005 the King took executive power into his own hands. The main political parties refused to cooperate, and the opposition united against his rule. On 5 April 2006, the resulting Seven Party Alliance (SPA? launched a four-day strike, which turned into a 19-day protest movement of unprecedented proportions (known as the Jana Andolan, or People's Movement). The Government tried to prevent the protests, severely curtailing rights to freedom of assembly and association. But the protests spread, with almost 200,000 people defying both the curfew and the ban on assemblies on 20 April 2006. The SPA rejected an invitation from the King to nominate a prime minister to form a government and in April, King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement of the House of Representatives and the appointment of the NC leader Girija Prasad Koirala as Prime Minister. The following day, the House of Representatives convened for the first time since 2002, an SPA coalition Government was formed and the essential process of reconciliation with the Maoists began. On 15 January 2007 the House of Representatives adopted an Interim Constitution, dissolving itself in favour of a 330-member Interim Parliament that includes CPN-M representatives. 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In some hill villages, up to 80% of the population may have left, leading to a breakdown in social structures, with only the old and infirm left behind. Since the ceasefire, forced internal displacement has largely come to an end. The CPN-M central leadership has repeatedly made commitments to the safe return of IDPs and to the restitution of confiscated land and property, but the pace of IDPs returning to their villages is determined by the degree of confidence in the peace process. Apart from the challenges that will undoubtedly arise in assuring HR in the CPN-M heartlands in the hills, recent developments have demonstrated the potential dangers of continuing conflict resulting from fragmentation within the Maoist movement itself. Killings and abductions in the Terai districts of the Eastern Region has been attributed to the Terai Janatantrik Mukti Morcha (TJMM), an illegal group which advocates armed struggle for self-determination for the traditionally marginalized Madhesi community, many of whom are indigenous peoples and Dalits. Parallel threats to peace can be seen in the Terai districts of the Western Region, where OHCHR considers that hostility among illegal Pratikar Samiti "retaliation groups", CPNM and Government authorities is likely to continue, characterised by acts of violence against local communities. For peace to be sustainable in Nepal, HR must underpin the peace process throughout. Talks between SPA and CPN-M have led to a series of agreements between the two parties, some of which have included broad references to HR. Two thirds of the vaguely-worded provisions of the Ceasefire Code of Conduct of 26 May 2006 refer to international humanitarian law and HR concerns. An eight-point agreement between the Government and CPN-M, signed on 16 June 2006, includes a broad commitment to "democratic norms and values including competitive multi-party system, civil liberties, fundamental rights, HR, press freedom, and the concept of the rule of law", but none of these agreements created any effective monitoring or implementation mechanisms to address violations by either side, an issue that will be addressed by the project. Abuses of the HR of Women and other Gender Considerations Nepal is one of the few countries in the world where women have a lower life expectancy than men, a direct reflection of their underprivileged status, and in most castes and ethnic groups have heavier workloads than men. Disparity has been recognized between the nation's men and women in the 10 th Five Year Plan, which identifies women as the prime target group for achieving the overall aim of poverty alleviation and human resources development. In terms of the recent conflict, women have often been the targets and victims of both sides, who have used sexual harassment (including rape) as a tool in their aggression. 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{l_)pa9,xV[Ãʪ̓t^LǵoGmE lٷrwc>3\N/+͉Y#'N}60Or#˘>q}ӆ1]4yXXa[ւ~і.Ow?>zY_$$j9 )s,'XR q {;I9yɟK SpW}D}TF~~jmYtmfwy@1||'` IĦ睛m81ݶ>4tu\~#<,n~v F^3)_ٻxx^xe4~ޢ0@24:zѷoV-eCVh+)NL>s2Pf]]Ԝ?ό^w6"ڰ3Y=S v$/omwۘHEKnN2n}ƔA3r|Z>g]<1=[U{v InLu'6.FQl le NHek6Yd,Rݶp tZmYݞ8\}mݢua4&^@?̥Toyqm:Cn6ϳx ;պ'=TMR!ClT0~`Oic}Wg̓N`t>X+0w6`6ި {nd| q~۪M0e˩Ȏ))߸u(UNB|,>4]Iu{kw.t߂38#7r ?-3y~+%xYY 6 8Xq|غ"IÊ6x4gB7RЈcn``\rܰ#Ɛ<5 }Tܸ'n=qp8w_bq++]no5Nl^e ƒ2䡃sqyf÷H.~7pЅMΎq[/ l8S69σ/m/kL}>u)\;ċy)"ksPևGFǟ=ƶ[gKxzjOoh3wsM{`7 1JdӇj>po_(M3p\<ŌQ8mV|5Ě5{}y -io]j ;a.찫3h]/{j6>$cm]IxP2 yҗ),T9#R_W̛kszxwIka Un͚[DWDzz}Im <Ӽ14Y14z=}d AF;#w[]XzI(;dv9)Y `L8KZN/VYWi]#zeͧYdz PCO(6)Q}XVO^P(l֨S3 yҦ'hS['ڮPi}y)j^R|UH\o9߻x7'6zV0A4ֻP<='Sl+i4qzncnoul3ކ4ﻹYwX̛7ヌiʀi]I9ҩC#ׇ:}B~ܸSL_v먂_4 T{B|/}owmh3\0cpG>?Lb.|+1եܻ\!wq}\qy^v ғ?3v wdSmS:U[ZLnTHf~/- >Y~w;0zB47_c6=q^˹1>05BweǺס,{R|3gr" yЅIf8I,]ژ2-F4孇$ u4K9ڣAFb^+:_3g÷[gZCGsZcX]sux卛`Dy7D2-mTɝ௞?N0r'xua;)O }Z I~w>ލ7!:Hc R)?9;-(PK1J-)gd,t|=fQYĽa{-_8&vhDhCBƩzر[;}jcn0eNKZ:k]eU3=9VT߁7[>N>.U@wy.e>3x>P? twxߪD$Ν-mx9ozkWK7[#'c-R!Ɗ;x~NbՅ o)lAb>9,mm \O4h|b0ny3S>t~ : C<~S $7f'k\kēi9Rّ{O~NCҴMƿcvpn+w[s'D?*'Fxq_-}'NXVĮٻ bu4sذg%Ҽ殨˙g:mh#MөL_<_#_~<˺Lx _ˬ7Z i<]8 Kbcɼs4˛Pu1Ɣ6.CL}ߌY8v;q_j M(}`O%Q yT%)]A Ei}cuF_9`v]Y찹v"onS֙⎁u{{q 5sodClW1Ҽ11f.Gs }xrO;OiÓ@E7FA]e5ڼ/OT8ñe72Fs.~AQ[ZwK)s{Da„+XX"X y{O+K>ϳYGpymeۺ,};!UP1o*v“(Ն =mՍn{8Q1.zҎNy68@,x2v] c[iU0*gckѶB۫q=2^':k֙!Ik'}??&k1oIh}Oݮ';TSS64_^\X8 &~{e{=nѻ.َ;Nwxv׋g]+$!+Y^)&2i02 >sy7} Ĝnt&m7r&ЅcՍ>as&3.˅䶎63ec\~w:?0϶`/ bLRgsu̿u6'׍\)KeIe.v )ӵě ϝ]9~[_Qw/6sXb=Ȼ|%MTOp{ns2Sn<0 ,,{ concept of a written civil code was derived from continental European practice. This code remained in force for the following century and, among other things, enshrined discrimination on the base of caste. The Government of Nepal Act 1948 was the first constitutional instrument incorporating some democratic ideals, but was never fully implemented. Immediately after the overthrow of the Ranas in 1951, the Interim Government of Nepal Act was promulgated, incorporating the principles of personal liberty, an independent judiciary and the rule of law. Laws and the constitutions issued thereafter (including a new civil code promulgated in 1963) were influenced by the adversary system of legal tradition derived from British models at second-hand through India and recognized the precedents propounded by the apex court as one of the binding sources of law. The constitution of 1990 (to be replaced by a new constitution in 2007) followed the adversary legal tradition, with the basic objective of transforming the concept of the rule of law into a living reality through an independent system of justice. The new constitution is unlikely to replace the existing hierarchy of Supreme Court, Appellate and District Courts, nor the current basis of Nepalese law. Transitional Justice Transitional Justice typically includes mechanism and institutions for establishing and upholding the rule of law and dealing with the past and present abuses and grievances in a society that has experienced sustained violence. This will require restitution, rehabilitation, reintegration and compensation programmes for victims and reintegration programmes for former combatants. The Peace Agreement between the Government of Nepal and the Maoists calls for the creation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission, to probe serious violations of HR and crimes against humanity during the course of the armed conflict and to develop an atmosphere for reconciliation in society at the local level, but omits mention of any judicial or penal measures that might be used to enforce accountability. So far no Bill has been tabled in Parliament to establish such a Commission. The ToR requires that the project will support NHRC in the sustainable management of regional NHRC human rights monitoring activities, focusing on transitional justice, the human rights impacts of the conflict and its root causes. The Provision of Legal Aid and Legal Aid Centres Justice has been provided to the indigent through Legal Aid (LA), which only became available in the second half of the 20th century, when the Supreme Court appointed two lawyers for the defence of clients unable to pay lawyer's fees. Initially, the Nepal Bar Association (NEBA) initiated a small-scale legal aid programme, but the service was available only in the capital. 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Frm-}4}sd'35h|0eo=?22y}t 8{o|9(r"{NrO{6Ta47sŗ4\Q_qg"=W\qj/n Vsg抛?G5#^nd(ɬc^&\A~:anϾ<}9R~狰 q{>VYs>cV a'Zghm†b:$vȸ Qu*;+>%<+_1vN>Mr8v~P9Zc}J|i4ah8mӤ\t G3X=vF}ٝ+ ;x| U3ȼꝩv4\sgHEۉXc9l{|F$)3?"9-LnxsePTvY`{ہeGNdәfNtG%}Eωlțmxe3S$Nz2/ر{`G Cs=XtH`-}~paLrx}z[yU^7g΅Uh}ܗ<[ndDV;mik1fl><ͻ;GGS2?nzhԙzx ٱv,,Z7?[l&֤mxIζvA]iE\}AZ\(s2ƋxGkjQfHp=j#vxL|hȵ:¾sL`eunvwkrt~mG_Ǻ<_qh`4!/GX#ON߃ &#-ؽKN}*;>$۪m$;SDimm7Fl;U.-hKM*;'":-.ӹՊ=n@9@nvr`#~j}׿fN>',k{ޮ 3;"yQm+Ufȏ^X'׺mf'&] Șy[[B_h{m ՙU,qm,=ږ6q:k큺uu<2.ӰD3ʣ9ϛl}^7/Ϥ3VG}-h̺xF=/usK]g]Aܞn\EԴNM게ޟR/|O-nUxIRksf 1=Ê^s~M',ړm˸b:񸏍5"3ʼ_4d,Y3ݴwFϜ.aZŽ'mq+-{"kGW׉ub3[Cv6mNsfntx72Nq9%8x&/U6f̹9Fgj-SzXQ̾XUqS99]& C;_θ`q |eqr'͐o\{؜+N60#H@ _W9 acbL'<nKq#D/'K׋F]9Lw7W_4g6n٩b FXF}~|Z.Nn;'! =q8D3-WNzqotp%Hkנzs$;)ԋ|At|:P(t`ZKr1G_%F|..e~9]8ޭ[Z|LxvZ//^w8x4M^N#aHh֟t=SWUGNouּ'7߳rv,gj@nj/qy;GaaB9;-73|&zB1'C|p#Nh83&Dp~vU.?zf(]A̳ZW2ynM~NۉGVI}Ҿ?\Vw[4mҳT?r_-cN❥3F܏Ɔ2[a} N Njn܀=݀G7h|~OYjV _{3`VVw[Y3OgQ]':z! 5%:|}ljxgieVaߧXy 0w+Xܥϭr_L<`G؄fL'Y}1z.6vvJz=G?*z71'˶xzC~l\q,Կ:s2YGs_o[ۼ\4Ż5v@|xМ4lȂ ﲺ}Ǵ 7۬4/1OZ&@o4Aqe=z[Yٳk}Ȯ+l8al ®P8jLö}zݼac=z,$ 6=CNI*~qc(j#%Lߋ{S _{2clمlޗ}iŻ߮V^{&{,Y\%J6W^q=?ji9J;VWʁe7F/9 ksmDa 2E~z]dǢF󞦰4Z ޠH<_GBnzw$DެO(^= ?ѿ#ޣ}ηOڨ8xC;DrTYw]y=UYyKz R(^٠3Kz)?K>q{ıAK!!ӻ,|Ғg)xq%ql}<NjnLg8QP;=Eixpz'LQ]C^[Z$x>}GYяwWlC3w?r;L[Oys`9DUcX}Ǹ<]hP~rF r{N(Lc\lC<<V/\~gGjŇrˆ״/37{waw`=Wx~f_&a^9._Ў{:rznɞQr4s1|N5(w1L c9uh9|\&\7K;iX 3޽JO6,rSY',LqF7xz;f;:kx+÷Go W"Qfwܲy9bqzcF:fR:8<ʦ.ҐZ7Z_|OԺGerK'}lhl32~ h;!ɸ:(ny:`@:o|; #qa *?wKO_s?$gf}%~c3~0>Y+G8vs!5!i+mF6.:m\/]?|u}u~mh7;YXWw2+{-Gب:|[ʠxyxh=OχY)\et},0Tz7 8r7 c_Ns.ð410y rcTck8@[.A{s# OegYag12;S0!|at/L#NvNگͪ;F #́9)3R]w)W/q˒2:ckϑC~K/JR~.ra9~M 7FzO[pø_ ǎ4[}w0ܣл'x2w)3 +VxGV*A| Ηo/ήQ7˖`ۗ-Gq9/oLq!;w)wt~~hfNԀy΢EЅCl>Η@A+qzG\89iCG8#tߍp&p7Ys^9?3$eE'Ig[ئIk9ܝnѣrqS:a Aa f͎nj+`gːX lmax#[7uu׵ȼޛroJX*vwna8#_,mna 4cFO`ȈC۾u+0n2"g+V~ 2mK^/,!g[QomfSۨB7ﲟSea?,L` ߿)ffs..Pfבu0##dE>cqCÑt1v6n.q^[ٯ| @,i}ulxWۿ0 x 4N b <$|Ƀ\[b?zTF6bKb|\-:a|ACF?FvY{QAA@sWF'{ k0p80 NUb7XX_xf 5ol/ycn-'4iIo˲O>Ґi=yz =4s7kn0nz9+^q9TVX[Xx oKޏrYw,?z3O86:~Wt!l_wt0>u3^]|W|_>;j<:<9vjصm*O|K!O5oNxfنwFȌ],'\X8q] g9-e:l>ںrwQ rt,,, proposal of the judiciary to appoint one lawyer for each subordinate court, which was implemented at each Court of Appeal and in most District Courts. The 1997 Legal Aid Act regulates the procedures for providing LA, but in addition free LA service is also provided by some private lawyers and voluntary organisations. A Legal Aid Bill has been prepared and submitted to the Ministry of Law and Justice, which will give NEBA a larger statutory role in the provision of LA and also increase the income threshold for the receipt of LA from NRs 40,000 p.a. (approx. € 430) to NRs 8 lakhs (approx. € 8,600), extend LA to detainees in police custody, who are at present ineligible, remove the need for a recommendation from the Village Development Committee (VDC) or municipality, and remove the obligation to pay court fees. LA is not available nation-wide and the Central Legal Aid Committee (CLAC) decides to which new districts it should be extended. In 1987 NEBA made an agreement with the Norwegian Bar Association (NBA) to support LA provision, funded by NORAD. So far, NEBA has established 43 LA centres and handed them over to CLAC. 23 have computers and telephones, supplied with the support of the EC, but the remainder are poorly equipped and the government provides little finance to run them - approx. NRs 16 lakhs (€ 17,200) p.a., only pays NRS 500 (€ 5.35) per case to each lawyer and a monthly salary of only NRs 3,000 (€ 32.25) to the nongazetted officers in charge of the centres. NEBA should have handed over a further 10 centres in 2006, but this proved impossible following the assumption of direct royal rule and they will instead be handed over in 2007, leaving 22 districts still lacking LA centres. The Rule of Law and Justice at the Local Level The transitional period presents an enormous challenge for ensuring the protection of HR through adequate policing and the effective administration of justice. The withdrawal of police posts from areas of Maoist strongholds allowed them to exercise their power and take over the functions of local government. The use of "people's courts" failed to provide minimum guarantees of due process, fair trial or the right to physical integrity, thereby violating international HR standards. The principal law enforcement agency should be the Nepal Police, but as an institution it faces many challenges. Many police posts were destroyed or abandoned during the conflict after police were killed or threatened. Police have been redeployed to several dozen posts, but the Nepal Police is unable or unwilling to respond to the need for re-establishing many others, often being prevented from doing so by CPN-M. Local Nepal Police state that their refusal to take action against even serious abuses by CPN-M is due to their fear of what future political change may bring as well as a lack of adequate policy direction from the central level. 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Gradually, law graduates replaced traditional lawyers and now most member lawyers have formal academic qualifications. NEBA plays an important role in professional development for members and has organised various training courses (with some support from the EC) and has published a training manual on the same subject. Training is in demand from young lawyers and the ToR foresees that the project will support the training of 300 on HR issues and a linked Training Manual. In addition, NEBA will be supported in providing training to law enforcement and medical staff on the documentation of HR abuses. NEBA has taken the lead in providing LA to the indigent and underprivileged. In 1987, NEBA and the Norwegian Bar Association (NBA) signed a cooperation agreement and project work was commenced from January 1988. The Legal Aid Act (1997) recognised the role of NEBA in the provision of LA. The Central Legal Aid Committee (CLAC), a statutory body, includes the President of NEBA as an ex-officio member and the Secretary of NEBA as ex-officio Member-Secretary. Government-sponsored LA activities are also conducted through NEBA. Although there are court-appointed counsel to represent the indigent, the courts are unable to provide rooms for them. In addition to the provision of court-orientated LA, NEBA also aims to provide a legal literacy programme to raise people's consciousness about their rights. It is also anticipated that student-run LA centres will be established in collaboration with Tribhuvan University to assist in the training of law students and that a Legal Aid Forum will be established to coordinate LA provision. Judiciary Nepal has a three-tier court system - the Supreme Court as the apex court, 16 Courts of Appeal and 75 District Courts, as well as a few special courts and tribunals, presided over by 241 judges. DANIDA is supporting coordination of the justice system and there are Coordination Committees at the local level. The SC has a website - www.supremecourt.gov.np - and in addition its judgements are recorded on a dedicated NEBA website - www.nba.org.np. The Strategic Plan of the Nepali Judiciary 2004 – 2008 was prepared with the technical and financial assistance of Danida/HUGOU. The Plan presents a vision for establishing a system of justice which is independent, competent, inexpensive, speedy and worthy of public trust, thereby transforming the "xklU""ʣ U[64Zj]* H >HD*i#ؠBI5QA jРlE- MF )L{q̖&l{ιL X5"2Rjd%V2k ~+DQ?)6ǷoӓA;&!VeAM֔Q"+΍N Z|sW}U|בL,- *}9J.ɆװY:Ԙfޯ%-fcW[ylL5kFW$60A a߷>cZ<#-$9^{NJ`U }=_t픷kи&@4c7/}ctԹ]4v.9XܗrʕEՒ52[ryGV1r$R\+] d+cYEd1( 2W2GX1V̐qDK)A~櫨3J ƍ$e45DX} *Gѿ)Er"y49$9l+㙇d72 c2n2[HA/Y%3avl]_5`18 ׋RTy@ϜxwmGD3Lr}b*ZNmՋd*:lR[UjtmxOɻoU~r):دR\SYj&UyUo*('yvaDNCA|}״o>3Gs}A<ʾ6V~1=>vck=ޤGԷTuسE~3f6prD\7 ׸T+u$d*7k\}o.TwRkNтoz b1񸐧7f\uKvNah?.Lq`p/#_TGY)mJ2뭺ӔmO~\q )σQ7'O%xQk=rƵ~Z# ϴjjJޜv.gHOh njyr}:**Y},”ƤXpx#nanLunꖪK|`|cas~}?h''>._u_`f@itX ̕-8T8_Fs8>2 9,:^1Z7y HGfcG }5!:GXyMBhԺ\FvbGĀA' vwVv6winC,l,h5";GK8Lrj ca;r<] `bʓ2и%P~"|L] RvGģ9Wܟ{c5<7 oƲe*/"7!m88ACwL#O=ob91eR)>g>4PbnVΥ 2TuW]"](px/.('û5{[q~.#2l_:mz W1Q3ޤỮcb>NyɈ`*ѐw$ިd=PbѹvcQ x+(1mhoRB] {eY{$3Ø=*lV9KL̚M-e=_'2S'nPZ(%l7RcY =;e {t˅/jR}h܈SrM# 9M2+|bGںF=63| .ŌS& Eˍ!b3h|Qkw7iasYc%)SqyH;u=4nzzw âgÑ-bV{,OsOov}# Sˁ'~t4uezmFPЯ ק ρkkT4rzx߷\yDROL>8D^# S ?u>]e,l^kkwՇj?7؀Fz[6 GSiN ;I;3yco2|J#6mw'b]Wl5(&Hg1$^(sTu :oosDٗWy(1@xާQ wKgLcƚ`;6]>.4mۡ1^ԃ׷_v:xoZ|cxS=ײˠ9.l;W.A#Y3o1Q525˚`LžX?<;d7RR2;dܗ+=`13:1 5O!rvnx[ogW9~mn|EGWvtxuAfJؾKةԏWy&8?9(1Ѩ{\NY<[Zޙ`/sڣCFgy,O|s b'+[{7x=!^;hƶ` >cE_Mo=fq^?w%ǙyzWَ5. ɸWUź𚾀‘{yhKT6QS`sLo *v oy/x}ၻ׌ͪSyd/p14,?ip3ڿ6\v-m`ms5/؂Dɶvk5g M<.`,ȇ!XgᑧNjkM/hBDʈx*0iF-KyY>q"9 +Rxw QX7R\j.fT]կg5FEv['I},kӇ>@40ؕjEp@~ΜݳKރD}0xGK~>ͤss᭍Rc8u,6K6@D"` 3Ly@_-}~L4˝>].؂s_.L$6j}eݠ)ÛIE)'ox^OO0x#-XD0/BP9Lmy-)*OR1@e=V<6!bNBo-%\Ófyy׎r1NtPmzFp#OLYb0ix[ɮ MPos} }qgq0٭7ZGf&3o`5"2 q'mlNz.++!Rc-hUh;Tw /'8= '@ O>̵r.pr[7 q1`}rxNqÃօN}˥m@>z^_( yr8jjOY ò6Q'?colUoGgGknF+u/af ƅ64V҃ue~¹{o~“z*L~F]v{s5;Kn,ߑ5 ެu9`1q}4n\yƈt\Q-H _ i[C=_Ѹ8X9MYcF:.O6/qy9y_Vv?;/ i#" ;G a4;3p8"=\|Hx6_x]0|6z۫Qc m-[ W,|!J*L1d|m\>y˜PIЯ  {́n?'O8pG[xN3ǩ)O=@npPPJdY"+D viU>!ոxOqy?~/uΚÏ@J9(s7'a&N?`mmR#Yxx~vye݁o:L/sjB'o U.&{5{[n" 2 ) (95[G+F/"?rFq] 9KGYktz>pVrc0*}|׏E>O:5ʯQ@ڿ?co^*)6\ 94>{}&|Rs}95|bP`~1`Äqo|}0w3JQ4[V= Y%Pulo1^183b(7_,|ox`[X3w_Ȉa31c}Ɨ̣# :Sd7e2Utw+~>qF+[g@~ tz04  m>g7чcθL|&(~{xIg33ᅳ=B3{KC':V(t^RoqTCc$R^s(=Gn<\ybx*XV~xpkន=N`Ee`vcM#gbzL'sq~u3`sϤ7Wte;k9~*a:)ɧ8 >XbQXf?y}p>㕳TF8oKANx2Q|&"i(i]nX4s[]ek;;}a>g3+3WIѺf/)<o1Rߩ|փ00ܠBurGס, i::8sfu(=>tx&/ywz85>Nrl#B_cGXǂ<ce]W=pӳY}EY7pbTf~>F.9"onnӲ>7wY ,/Kُ+W;Be<Ό{L!{kN'>SMλGk,V"|u }=+Ԯ$&o=4S;ʲw] řD:xgKt^G`N ? +x[z/S1t[S m{|q]Ib^lcloz9}a}D`oC_]R"a$)n?ILx7Ouht\>eizXn/|6߻ěb翹^_>s ]ZWC\z1O m;=Pm65|/ 8vw<~Zy Vx®y7Jb9Xes׸x_H^q'vycmgp L6]PPuҹ_e.Vl@-wo̧ iF?mecr#݋ 8zgV|z|97=r9;*+T +e#D6b :aĵ}O/Y<G<[dR㴬/gKi3NG㻙ј΄f`5rf wAnGl]G9X7]f163m> tlS̾Slvzl9==V9[n5o,L.vZOĘZ/ÿCP\jfߧOxN wüٰ/~Ǻo 3c&\yFLb\I#1eiKmӯߨ0,:rv&N"$my !덱}x9m3=)F7:XsKtVGś~/,0OAԿỖ  (ocƾqGypE ?"^uzYpwJ}„QsӾM[-⟝yͳmZ&7?LHR`HTt/X'VЗ^It6Fay [{w|6:80'asŪŃg*B;;kWΞ{WG&ʻ)G*>L 'bW5\{6.~'<O;z/uUbdd?r_q8C_Դmո?όZrEq–:?UpHe<)}/NT|=xW߮emg[8cFÃNG|-stnt1>9YHˍ%7㰤/eU@ ;paDr3Kqx 3-a5=ɍt~5m8PqHÐS2xLwBR=| (|eʭUh^ћ5Il9XU% {moA?/Ny\X֍fI/rѐ~Z#abszop~;v tXB .dTs҉ݠ7zwƊw0blnG~hoJyh m><\񌟲]Ch[7Fj4u'·ii(x ͉S3Y.dE+LÛ5oLpNY]ׁG@fy.~ < ? O=B,,z concept of the Rule of Law and HR into a living reality. Transitional Justice and Re-establishment of the Rule of Law Courts will have to play their part in reconciliation to create a favourable environment for long-term settlement. The Maoist courts drew business away from the official courts, as the “ people ’ s courts ” handed down speedy and prompt verdicts without getting trapped into prolonged legal formalities. There is a need to re-establish confidence in the official legal system and promote linkages between the community and the courts. The ToR foresees that the project will support a dialogue on transitional justice and the parallel system of courts. Parallel justice will also involve Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), which the Strategic Plan of the Nepal Judiciary proposes should have an expanded role as an effective tool for dispute settlement, in accordance with the principles of decentralisation, the aim of the Local Self-Governance Act (1999). Court Libraries The SC has set up a number of committees. The Court Strengthening Committee ’ s report, as cited in the Strategic Plan of the Nepali Judiciary, records that most of the courts do not have libraries. The library in the SC is little used, as there are few acquisitions of new books and no international legal journals or periodicals are available. The libraries in the Courts of Appeal have limited reading materials and no journals or periodicals and there are no libraries in the District Courts. Libraries need to be made more accessible and user-friendly, both physically and in terms of opening hours. The ToR anticipates that the project will support for the development of library services at the Central Library, the Supreme Court, Appellate Courts and relevant district courts, and that the libraries will play a key role in the dissemination of human rights laws, and international standards. Prison Visits Judges of the Appellate Courts should make jail visits at least twice a year and make directives to be implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs, but there is a problem in ensuring that such directives are implemented and that prisoners ’ rights are respected. The ToR requires that the project should assist in the organisation of regular prison visits by judges. In practice, NEBA supports this process and has been sending 40 lawyers on jail visits for the past 10 years. Such visits are unpaid, the lawyers in question only receiving transport costs. Prison visits are also undertaken by NHRC. Access should be extended to prisoners in police custody, as part of the LA reform process that the ToR foresees as being implemented with the support of a Memorandum of Understanding signed with the Ministry of Law and Justice. 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Many courts to not have an enquiry counter. The ToR requires that the project should support the development of a Court Users ’ Charter, but this is in fact now ready, although not yet officially announced – to be effective it must be complemented with services. There is a need for massive dissemination of information, but this should be linked to the “ legal literacy ” campaign of NEBA. Study Visits and Training for Judges The ToR requires the project to support targeted study visits and training for judges in other jurisdictions. Nepalese law has two main bases - the adversary system of legal tradition derived ultimately from the British legal system, and the concept of a civil code, originating in the Muluki Ain civil code promulgated in 1854 on continental European models. There is very little opportunity for experiencing different jurisdictions and this has a particular value in speeding up the modernization process. The UNDP Rule of Law and Access to Justice has involved the transfer of experience from the Philippines and tours and observation visits have been organised by DANIDA and the Ford Foundation. Given the bases of the law of Nepal, possible study tours would most usefully involve experience of justice in the UK and other Commonwealth countries, as well as in continental Europe. Legal Research and Legal Drafting UNDP is supporting the updating of civil, criminal and procedural laws. The Supreme Court has a research section, but few outcomes. The reform process is not supported by research, but is carried out on an ad hoc basis and there is a need for training and capacity-building for legal researchers. They need to attract academics and lawyers. The ToR requires the project to provide assistance with legal research and legal drafting in specific areas. The Introduction of IT to the Court System Courts have typewriters, which are being gradually replaced by computers, but even these are not available in every court and 90% of District Court judgements are written by hand. Case registration diaries are manual and there is no calendar system for case management. Only a few courts use computers for record-keeping, they are not used for case registration nor case-tracking and only primary training on the use of computers is provided to staff. The Strategic Plan of the Nepali Judiciary records that there are 56 computers in the SC, 4 in sixteen Appellate Courts and only 2 in use between 75 District Courts. The record-keeping system is poor. The ToR foresees the court as supporting the introduction of computerisation for the courts ’ management system and personnel information in the SC and coordination of the implementation of an IT network. 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The National Judicial Academy In Nepal, judicial education started relatively late. In 1982, a Judicial Services Training Centre was established as a government department, with the objective of providing training to judges, prosecutors, court staff, law officers and paralegal staff. However, after the promulgation of a new constitution in 1990, when judges became independent and no longer subject to the Civil Service Act, the Centre provided training to all except the judges. To extend training to judges in the new constitutional situation, the National Judicial Academy (NJA) was established in 2004 by the provisions of the National Judicial Academy Ordinance through a loan of NRs 7.5 crores (approx. € 815,000) from the Asian Development Bank., in order to provide training, professional development, research and publication programmes that address the needs of judges, judicial officers and others directly involved in the administration of justice. After operating for three years under ordinance, the National Judicial Academy Act was passed in 2006. A Strategic Plan, 2063/64 – 2067/68 and a Training Plan, covering the same period, have been prepared with the support of USAID project Strengthen the Rule of Law and Respect Human Rights in Nepal, providing a vision to provide the required knowledge for the quality needs of a judicial system striving to provide impartial, competent, inexpensive, speedy and accessible justice and to professionalise the system of continuing judicial education. The NJA has also been entrusted by the Act with establishing a Legal Information Centre, undertaking research, issuing publications and becoming a focal point between the government and international organizations for capacity-building programmes in the field of law and justice. In the current fiscal year, NJA is to provide 24 training courses to judges, court officials and private lawyers. With support from UNDP ’ s Mainstreaming Gender Equity Programme (MGEP), NJA developed a training curriculum focusing on gender equality and justice, which forms a current priority, in addition to case-flow management and leadership. NJA suffers from a lack of capacity in human and financial resources (with a total budget of only NRs 80 lakhs – approx. € 85,000) and limited accommodation in the Supreme Court complex. At present, the Governing Council is taking a 10% service charge to assist with finance, but this presents auditing problems and may have to be abandoned. Training has been provided in Pokhara and Biratnagar in cooperation with INGOs. 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The library is located in a single room on an upper floor and has current holdings of about 5,000 volumes. It is managed by a single librarian who received training in Pakistan with support from the Asia Foundation. Tribhuvan University, Department of Law Tribhuvan University has 5 campuses teaching law in Kathmandu (Central Region), Nepalgunj (Far West Region), Pokhara and Butwal (West Region), and Rajbiraj (East Region). Three hundred students graduate per year and take their Bar Examination after graduation, of which 50% pass and receive their advocate ’ s licence. The University has LL.B., LL.M. and Ph.D. programmes. Ten per cent of the students are women, 10% from indigenous and Dalit groups and 80% are males from Bahun, Chhetri or high-caste Newar backgrounds (e.g. Shrestha). Tribhuvan University has experience of running legal aid clinics, as in the past they received sponsorship from the Asia Foundation. Puranchali University has given affiliation to a private campus in Bhaktapur that runs a law course, but the fees are high and it only attracts students from well-to-do families, so, as a g o v e r n m e n t university with low fees, Tribhuvan University is the appropriate vehicle for training to attract students from the focus groups - Dalit, and Janajati students – through its network of campuses in the regions. The Two Specialist National Commissions and NFIDN The ToR requires that the project should seek to support synergies between NHRC and two specialist national commissions, the National Dalit Commission and the National Women ’ s Commission, for HR monitoring, and that NEBA should collaborate with both these commissions and in addition with NFIDN with regard to LA provision for focus groups. The legal status of all three organisations is being strengthened in 2006/7 through new Acts of Parliament. National Dalit Commission On paper, Nepal ’ s legal protections against anti-Dalit discrimination are strong, with contravention punishable by law. In addition to the constitutional prohibition on caste-based discrimination, the government has also taken legislative action to prohibit discrimination against Dalits. Under the Civil Liberties Act (1954), unequal treatment of Dalits by the government is prohibited and Section 10A of the New Civil Code (1963) also prohibits some forms of discrimination against Dalits, but excludes places of religious practice from the scope of the Act. In 1971, Nepal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). 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NFDIN was founded by Act of Parliament in 2002 as an autonomous foundation, with the object of developing and enhancing the social inclusion of the 59 indigenous nationalities recognized by the government. It has no members at present, but a bill has been presented to Parliament which will, when passed, make it an autonomous body. The Foundation has no approved strategic plan, but is in the process of preparing a 5-year plan. The 10th Five Year Plan includes the objectives of eradicating the disparities sustained by the indigenous nationalities in the economic and social fields, uplifting and supporting their cultural heritage, empowering them in the fields of economic, social, educational, cultural and community activities and improving their access to national resources by means of professional modernisation. To meet the above objectives, various policies and strategies have been adopted in the 10th Five Year Plan. Some of the basic programmes include structural arrangements, institutional development, human resource development, and socio-economic upliftment. The investment of a percentage of the total budget of the District Development Committees (DDCs) has been made mandatory for the overall development of the indigenous nationalities in their respective areas. NFDIN (website: http://www.nfdin.gov.np) seeks to implement targeted programmes to achieve these aims through Janajati representative organisations or other NGOs. The Donors The EU ’ s Role Nepal is one of 68 target countries for the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), which aims to fight discrimination, assist human rights defenders, support independent media and increase respect for Rule of Law. In Nepal, EIDHR has funded community-based awareness campaigns and conflict mediation, HR education and supported LA provision by NEBA at district level and capacity-building for NHRC. Since Nepal became an EIDHR focus country in 2001, 26 micro projects have been implemented in 35 districts. Organisations supported have included core legal institutions, NGOs, health and educational institutions. The first EC Country Strategy Paper for 2002-2006 identified three major areas for intervention, the Mid-Western Region as a focus area and gave a strong emphasis to conflict mitigation, consolidation of democracy through the judicial sector and the promotion of human rights (€ 10 million). The immediate objectives were reducing social unrest, promoting essential reforms and strengthening the role of civil society. 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YD?X4ws\cMuJ7(IrɳBΘG^dOuǼ:I:xᠹ79'wt7 F=S<ޖ pW4Μ3F}9/E=G8]sHꁎ4ij-Vb~e t6 *zKzm]AF|9/N9v;`s :}v6S1+p yc¦ۇF`Fwc{&w;ϓª7}# |kvfIh m-vanc3%wC>Ҙ?[cs;`cg8"67@.. gݬ֓GߗCnk,/iEH:oO=?,wf;oxXmu&޴_=k差@CK>q5ЦK:u v4t.qw珡cw׸l!2-)̤gXmZ6}{E}]Фks̪`FV' C_16>XnbAO t8mt`LLkܙ^0=.9rp:RF]ITAr9pku/~[zfrח:пY1 2W~;E_\+;Er )w/~H;E*Sޓm{2n[?0u{I?nCy6(7PwY>mQApMz*E|~g d, )*/wiq%?QO8K |mT6|s3]si'9BrǿMܱ>$;ޱ͹c|Mm2"^u.[+ SNL|NkE9me{޷G Z>rwl%ON=rZӤ{ {Ùkˊq<}/lG6ҭ*}زȟǧqg4T- o7}A3us8d1,n3Fc V/}3nSV[P0ѳ¨yR`Ewû s`,rĘAc#>~tNCm Щ?xq׿^|ǘia<{oV'2XO#MD4$FѧAsz|)fOY6}oGһ]~t/*|A\vx%gnfkpd% ,;qot7?#->|< .奟rW\~zWhH;UI^GkfI,t<}GxV6co49IHSUb}Z5uoٶ@*x޺1my)eia|k}ڃ_#bNp\n|GjX<5okZHs"dY~>Mx^'njooXBǹ=ݖM|`j>c]Rs.Wrhs7s˳m,k|ga&unu8M΅0ԉot {:Q;υDùM¼E];OP.ax!;Pi_w3z[_>'Ӵ 2wg`N)@[M\S7Ǒ\1U;k gLЗv2HvG2g6;!b9(0,,s Region) and Biratnagar (Eastern Region). OHCHR (website: http://nepal.ohchr.org) has a mandate to assist the development of policies to promote HR, to monitor and report the HR situation and the observance of international humanitarian law, and to cooperate with other UN agencies and other international organizations. The ToR foresees that NHRC will develop a targeted partnership with OHCHR. The Capacity Development Project for the NHRC (CDNHRC) is supported by a number of donors within a basket-funded framework managed by UNDP. Implementation started in 2002 and is due to end in 2007. The overall goal of the Project is to contribute to the increased capacity of NHRC to effectively implement its Strategic Plan, with a particular focus to carry out increased monitoring of the HR situation. The Project (budget US$ 2,767,900) underwent a substantive revision in 2004 due to the changed human rights situation, the evolving role of NHRC and the need to integrate or complement the on-going initiatives to support the NHRC from other sources. Support from Denmark, Norway and the UK has been incorporated into the revised Project itself. Complementary to the separate project financed by the EC, the project has provided technical support for effective operation of the Regional Offices, additional human resources, equipment and operational support. Technical support provided by the OHCHR in the area of HR protection and monitoring also became an integral part of the revised Project. Support for IT development has included the installation of Case Management Software, the use of audio-visual media for human rights education on issues such as witchcraft and social discrimination and the creation of the NHRC ’ s official website and the regular dissemination of information by electronic media in English, Maithali and Nepali. Completed UNDP projects include the Mainstreaming Gender Equity Programme (MGEP) was started in 1998. Phase II of the Programme started in 2002 to provide assistance for mainstreaming gender considerations into government development policies and programmes. The Programme provided greater access to gender justice for victims of violence by enabling environment for dispensing fair and speedy justice especially at the local level through sensitization of arbitration boards and in conformation with the spirit of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). USAID, DANIDA, NORAD and DFID Nepal is a non-focus country under the US President ’ s Emergency Plan. The USAID project Protect Human Rights (budget US$ 198,000) continues to provide capacity building for NHRC and support OHCHR to improve monitoring of HR abuses. The project seeks to support high-value peacebuilding initiatives. 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Q4ijL8u?W <^ y4yț`'E\ӯЫУ}|Ajӕ/jtK?&y\ cxţ2){W [gPP@}}& T0<Ӕu㖶jflgHmzoe]%@3O?9ka#7!V 3I.Xux9Myȟb5̞$:S9+h6:25= {S[0w99GB=eX-Zf~lqվy6L+Жiw茍NӦ.i6Oe?37q)/-?Uv;+\x*T3O1 8¾6^ǯ1V&ؑvxɕ\ⷄo~p\ {~SCHR(_gtnx{`t-W>/:~ix&b1| #{`M+O}/CO>&M#Fm,}󉮔#=_r8/#l |X/Zs f϶ci 7>av 5Ś~:Qw*hw)nRn!Ž =mm㊟E~P퍾<&ڛ.އc۹< >lFpv[x؊mv_ֹ Xqxsr^L>.C^ʐ}~.*qOΜit/F̙FÙqcNlSl+8ݯ4Gˤn7DyNԕ?.rOHmw-1ʋ5 |[;ѾCk s3oӿm^F%\yhڑ~-l؎}C7fq_B"YA MF*7n/ 8wݭ[5k]sh?5YVXB~M[pߓ?*aJ q*h߯s٫>|0+?%IwZ%}#^2`|^s9@>/gJ^m~ x#EsχsX^x=N牊Og +HF06y]\e1">1 pZt^B' y#O [lsh"gY1gY.e5YV/3Kfاt},+mÜǡ&c܇F{C6rmƶcg5wij휟oVtyP@6f#~j{.Ty8i|1NC#m?왂b}ϋmrm/7"2ǵ|]WwXƉe3mEM϶sMjc3Jx;9HxuZ{%ݿ:3TIc(9|. ?C>tTe3t7=g <9lj>E4Ɣտ}^_tY~_c63>Vql!i-];;6=zj>{EC.T>{STYn/`/mK}׶6=|v!cg}Sf9v;s}xhĝ8!G|w>G<~ϙNL}q~xwr @GnRC = 6 JuHZ>ϡ~^ǖa"װ3{Jm)%#mx,LO/|3./7r/>t/zP?<},, Programme, formulated in 1998, led to the creation of institutions to promote HR and the development of democracy, ranging from governmental agencies, to statutory and constitutional bodies, as well as autonomous civil-society organisations (NGOs and the media). The adjustment of the Human Rights and Good Governance Programme (HUGOU) – budget DKK 82,000,000 (€ 11,047,500) 2003-2008 - built on this experience and aimed to consolidate the focus on HR and conflict transformation. An example of donor harmonisation is that HUGOU manages Norwegian funds contributed to the Human Rights Organisations Component. Sharing of information among donors supporting various human rights organizations also regularly takes place. HUGOU has led donor coordination efforts on assistance to Dalit organisations, including setting up the Dalit Support Coordination Forum, where donors and Dalit organisations meet. In 2005 Norway contributed to the establishment of the OHCHR office in Nepal and supports NGOs monitoring the HR situation and pressure groups which have led to NHRC investigating several violations. Assistance has been provided for organisations and activists promoting dialogue between the parties to the conflict. DFID ’ s Dalit Empowerment and Inclusion Project and their Janajati Empowerment Project are increasing the influence of excluded groups by strengthening the representative federations of Nepal ’ s Dalit and Janajati NGOs. The Dalit NGO Federation and the Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities are becoming better placed to influence the government and public opinion and the professionalism of Dalit civil society has been increased. Both projects have also built up the district federations and are increasing communication and cooperation between local Dalit NGOs and between local Janajati NGOs. Legal Aid The most significant assistance for LA is the long-standing support by the Norwegian Bar Association (NBA) to NEBA for implementing LA in Nepal, which commenced in 1988 and was last extended in 2002 for a further 5 years. The ToR envisages the project supporting the extension of LA to the remaining 22 districts of Nepal, as NEBA has already handed over 33 LA centres to the CLAC and will transfer a further 10 in 2007. The EIDHR programme provided computers for 23 district LA Centres, but the remainder lack modern infrastructure. The Local Self Governance Act (1999) provides for improving the access to justice by the poor and disadvantaged through enhancing conflict mediation capabilities at the village and municipal levels for settling minor disputes, but the civil conflict has made implementation difficult. 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Comparable training programmes in other districts has been carried out by NGOs, such as RUWDUC. As part of USAID ’ s three-year, US$ 5.6 million programme to enhance the administration of justice and to increase access to justice for the poor, Mediation Centres were opened in December 2006 at the Supreme Court and Patan Appellate Court., where 80 newly trained mediators now have the opportunity to practice their new skills. Judicial Reform USAID ’ s Strengthen the Justice Sector (budget US$742,500) is providing technical assistance and training (including study tours) to the Supreme Court, NJA and other judicial and government institutions. Areas of technical assistance have included archiving and data management systems, reference libraries, court rules and procedures, certification of lawyers to represent indigents, three court referred mediation centres, advocacy for judicial reform and legal aid for the poor. The Rule of Law component of UNDP ’ s Strengthening the Rule of Law and Reform of the Judiciary (ROLROJ) project has reviewed 16 international treaties and conventions and 37 laws of Nepal that need to be amended in order to make them correspond with international instruments. 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